Healthy ponds do not happen by chance. They are the result of careful planning, disciplined routines, and strong protection from diseases and pollutants that can silently destroy fish or shrimp crops. In India, climatic variation, high stocking densities, and water quality challenges make systematic preparation and biosecurity very important. By following the Top 10 Pond Preparation and Biosecurity Steps in India, farmers can reduce risk, improve survival rates, and use inputs more efficiently. This article explains each step in simple language so that both beginners and experienced farmers can follow and apply it confidently.
#1 Clearing old stock and organic waste
Before any new production cycle, the pond must be completely cleared of old fish, shrimp, and leftover feed. These remains act as a hiding place for harmful bacteria, parasites, and unwanted predatory fish that can attack new seed. First, harvest or remove all remaining stock, then drain the pond fully so that the bottom is exposed. Remove sludge, black mud, and decayed leaves from corners and inlets. This step may feel time consuming, but it strongly reduces disease pressure and improves water quality right from the start.
#2 Drying and cracking the pond bottom
After cleaning, the pond bottom should be sun dried until the soil cracks lightly on the surface. Drying exposes harmful organisms to heat and ultraviolet light, which naturally kills many pathogens and parasites. It also oxidizes toxic gases like hydrogen sulfide and ammonia that accumulate in wet and anaerobic mud. For Indian conditions, a drying period of seven to fifteen days is usually practical, depending on season. If complete drying is not possible, at least dry shallow areas and corners. Proper drying prepares a healthier base for beneficial bacteria to grow in the next culture.
#3 Liming for pH correction and disinfection
Once the pond bottom is dry, liming helps correct soil acidity and improves overall pond health. The type and quantity of lime depend on soil pH and texture, so farmers should test soil or water whenever possible. Agricultural lime is commonly used to neutralize acidity, while quick lime has stronger disinfecting power when applied correctly. Liming improves the availability of nutrients, encourages growth of natural plankton, and reduces harmful microorganisms. It is important to spread lime evenly over the entire bottom and bunds, and if required, apply some amount to the water after filling.
#4 Repairing bunds, inlets, outlets, and pond lining
Strong pond structures are a key part of biosecurity. Cracked bunds, broken sluice gates, and damaged linings allow unwanted fish, crabs, and polluted water to enter the pond. Before filling, thoroughly inspect the earthen bunds for rat holes, crab burrows, and erosion. Compact and repair them so that there are no leaks. Check inlets, outlets, and sluice gates for proper screens and closing arrangements. If the pond has a plastic or concrete lining, patch all cuts and weak points. Good structural maintenance protects your investment and makes it easier to control water quality during culture.
#5 Using biosecure water sources and filtration
Water quality starts from the source itself. Farmers should select the cleanest available water, whether it comes from canals, bore wells, reservoirs, or rainwater storage. Avoid sources that receive untreated sewage, industrial effluents, or heavy agricultural runoff. At the inlet, use fine mesh screens or filter bags to stop wild fish, insects, and organic debris from entering the pond. Where possible, a small reservoir pond can be used for settling and pre treatment before water is pumped into culture ponds. Careful selection and filtration of water reduce the load of pathogens and stabilise conditions for seed stocking.
#6 Disinfection of pond and equipment
Chemical and biological disinfection breaks the cycle of disease between crops. Depending on the farming system, farmers may use approved disinfectants like bleaching powder, potassium permanganate, or other aquaculture grade products, always following recommended dosages and withdrawal periods. It is important to disinfect not only the pond water and soil, but also nets, baskets, buckets, and sampling equipment that move between ponds. Dedicated equipment for each pond is ideal, but if that is not possible, wash and disinfect tools after every use. Proper disinfection lowers risk of spreading viruses, bacteria, and parasites from one pond to another.
#7 Managing inlet and outlet biosecurity barriers
Biosecurity is not only about chemicals, it is also about physical barriers and good layout. In Indian ponds, simple measures such as bird proof fencing, netting over vulnerable areas, and secure boundary walls make a big difference. Install strong mesh on inlets and outlets to block wild fish, crabs, and frogs that may carry diseases or compete for feed. Use crab fencing or barriers around bunds where these pests are common. Maintain a foot bath or lime basin near entry points so that workers can disinfect footwear before entering. These low cost barriers provide continuous protection.
#8 Establishing buffer zones and farm hygiene
A clean and organized farm environment supports strong biosecurity. Maintain a buffer area around ponds that is free from garbage, unused gear, and stagnant water. Keep feed storage rooms dry, rodent free, and well ventilated so that feed does not get spoiled or contaminated. Provide designated areas for visitors and vehicles, away from pond edges. Encourage all staff to follow basic hygiene such as washing hands and feet, using separate farm clothes, and avoiding entry if they have visited other farms recently. Simple discipline in daily routines reduces hidden pathways through which diseases can silently enter ponds.
#9 Pre stocking water conditioning and monitoring
Before stocking seed, pond water should be conditioned to suitable levels of pH, alkalinity, hardness, and plankton abundance. Farmers can apply organic manures, mineral mixtures, or probiotic products to build a balanced plankton population, which serves as natural food and stabilises water quality. Use simple kits to monitor temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and ammonia regularly even before stocking. If any parameter is outside the recommended range for the culture species, correct it slowly through water exchange, aeration, or controlled fertilisation. Proper pre stocking conditioning ensures that young fish or shrimp enter a stable and friendly environment.
#10 Seed selection, quarantine, and stocking protocol
Healthy seed is the foundation of a successful crop. Always purchase seed from reputed hatcheries with documented health records and consistent performance. Check for active swimming, uniform size, and absence of deformities or visible infections. Where possible, keep new seed in a small quarantine or nursery pond and observe behaviour before transferring to main production ponds. Follow proper acclimatisation to match temperature and salinity between transport water and pond water. Stock at recommended densities to avoid stress and overcrowding. A careful seed selection and stocking protocol completes the chain of biosecurity and supports sustainable Indian aquaculture.